"[75] The scarcity of food stemmed in part from the general strain on the entire Soviet Union, but also lack of central aid to the Gulag during the war. [156], See also: Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Terror, famine and the Gulag, Government agency in charge of the Soviet forced penal labour camp system, People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (, Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap), Contemporary usage of the word and usage of other terminology, Главное управление по делам военнопленных и интернированных, The original name given to the system of camps which was controlled by the, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (.

Thanks for your vote! Excess Deaths and Camp Numbers: Some Comments. and Pushpangadan, P., "Natural dye-based Herbal Gulal", Fuchs, S., “The funeral rites of the Nimar Balahis”, Garg R.K., Kaur R., Kumari H., “New visualizing agents for latent fingerprints: Synthetic food and festival colors”, Agrawal, N., "Dye-ing Culture: Color Run, White-washing Holi Since 2012", “This Holi, no takers for local gulal as Chinese products flood market”, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulal&oldid=980922054, Articles needing additional references from October 2016, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Bengali-language text, All articles with links needing disambiguation, Articles with links needing disambiguation from January 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 29 September 2020, at 07:50. This ritual is associated with the one of marriage, in which the bridegroom and the bride anoint themselves with coloured powders for four days before the wedding.

[citation needed], The 1931–32 archives indicate the Gulag had approximately 200,000 prisoners in the camps; while in 1935, approximately 800,000 were in camps and 300,000 in colonies (annual averages).[58]. Katorga, a category of punishment reserved for those convicted of the most serious crimes, had many of the features associated with labor-camp imprisonment: confinement, simplified facilities (as opposed to prisons), and forced labor, usually involving hard, unskilled or semi-skilled work. When the tide of the war turned, however, and the Soviets started pushing the Axis invaders back, fresh batches of laborers replenished the camps.

[5] Although most of them fit the definition of forced labor, only labor camps, and labor colonies were associated with punitive forced labor in detention. [108] Overall, during the first half of 1933, prisons saw more new incoming inmates than the three previous years combined. noun. Actions: Word of the Day 100 New Words 100 Names in Bible 100 Common Words 100 Common … [19] The emergent consensus among scholars who utilize official archival data is that of the 18 million who were sent to the Gulag from 1930 to 1953, roughly 1.5 to 1.7 million perished there or as a result of their detention. [citation needed] These included the exploitation of natural resources and the colonization of remote areas, as well as the realisation of enormous infrastructural facilities and industrial construction projects. The legal practice of sentencing convicts to penal labor, though restrained, was not fully abolished and continues to this day, although to a far more limited capacity, in the Russian Federation. The Gulag[c] or GULAG (Russian: ГУЛАГ; acronym for Glavnoe upravlenie lagerei, Главное управление лагерей, 'Main Directorate of Camps')[d][11][12][13] was the government agency in charge of the Soviet network of forced labour camps set up by order of Vladimir Lenin, reaching its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the early 1950s. [107] On 7 August 1932, a new edict drafted by Stalin specified a minimum sentence of ten years or execution for theft from collective farms or of cooperative property. During this festival, which celebrates love and equality, people throw these powder solutions at each other while singing and dancing. [5] Many mining and industrial towns and cities in northern and eastern Russia and in Kazakhstan such as Karaganda, Norilsk, Vorkuta and Magadan, were originally blocks of camps built by prisoners and subsequently run by ex-prisoners. [citation needed] Further, if an escaping prisoner was shot, guards could be fined amounts that were often equivalent to one or two weeks wages.

During this study, few grams of dry colours were taken and sprinkled over different surfaces, such as normal paper, top of CDs, aluminium foil, and aluminium sheet. To make up for this disparity, the NKVD worked prisoners harder than ever. To help prevent the mass escapes the OGPU started to recruit people within the colony to help stop people who attempted to leave, and set up ambushes around known popular escape routes. [59] During the Great Purge of 1937–38, mass arrests caused another increase in inmate numbers. [81][82][83] According to some sources, over 1.5 million surviving Red Army soldiers imprisoned by the Germans were sent to the Gulag. The working territory of logging presented by itself a square and was surrounded by forest clearing. Most prisoners were compelled to perform harsh physical labor. Maxgyan.com is an online marathi english dictionary.

Werth, Nicolas. [17][18] In 1956 the mortality rate dropped to 0.4%. One hundred new English words with meanings and example sentences show the alive English in today's media and communications, especially in social media, the list is updated monthly to include hot and popular new words. [14] English-language speakers also use the word gulag to refer to all forced-labor camps that existed in the Soviet Union, including camps that existed in the post-Lenin era.[15][16]. [106], A distinctive incentive scheme that included both coercive and motivational elements and was applied universally in all camps consisted in standardised "nourishment scales": the size of the inmates' ration depended on the percentage of the work quota delivered. 'MEANING' in other words can be the 'vocabulary' of a word or the 'essence' of the word as to what the word precisely means.

Hindi Even more broadly, "Gulag" has come to mean the Soviet repressive system itself, the set of procedures that prisoners once called the "meat-grinder": the arrests, the interrogations, the transport in unheated cattle cars, the forced labor, the destruction of families, the years spent in exile, the early and unnecessary deaths. Shortly thereafter Nikita Khrushchev was elected as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, initiating the processes of de-Stalinization and the Khrushchev Thaw, triggering a mass release and rehabilitation of political prisoners. After the advent of synthetic dyes in the middle of 19th century, the disappearance of trees in urban areas and the pursuit of higher profits led to the abandonment of natural colours.[2]. He added that without distinguishing the degree of accuracy and reliability of certain figures, without making a critical analysis of sources, without comparing new data with already known information, Zemskov absolutizes the published materials by presenting them as the ultimate truth.

More example sentences. "Abeer Gulaal" means fragrant colour powder. Prisoners that had a shorter prison sentence than three years were to remain in the prison system that was still under the purview of the NKVD. In 1926, the Oimiakon (Оймякон) village in this region registered the record low temperature of −71.2 °C (−96 °F). Despite the isolated conditions, there were prisoners who successfully escaped to populated areas. № 4 Zemskov V.N. By January 1941 the Gulag workforce had increased by approximately 300,000 prisoners. From the beginning of the 2000s, Europeans, Americans, and Australians started to follow the trend of going to parties that involved throwing coloured powders at each other, in a relaxed and peaceful atmosphere. As a result, the Soviet government pushed the Gulag to "do more with less". In those days, people were highly responsible for non-fulfilment of plan. Over the next few months, prosecutions rose fourfold. [45] Information regarding the imprisonment trends and consequences for the intelligentsia derive from the extrapolations of Viktor Zemskov from a collection of prison camp population movements data.[45][60]. Gulal (गुलाल), also known as Abeer (अबीर), is the traditional name given to the coloured powders used for the typical Hindu rituals, in particular for the Holi festival (though commonly associated with the pink color used in the festival). Living and working conditions in the camps varied significantly across time and place, depending, among other things, on the impact of broader events (World War II, countrywide famines and shortages, waves of terror, sudden influx or release of large numbers of prisoners). "Repressions". Until 1934, lack of food and the outbreak of diseases started to destabilise the Gulag system.

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The law was later relaxed on 8 May 1933.

Gulal

[5]:1024 However, taking into account the fact that it was common practice to release prisoners who were either suffering from incurable diseases or near death,[20][21] a combined statistics on mortality in the camps and mortality caused by the camps gives a probable figure around 1.6 million. The numerical value of gulal in Chaldean Numerology is: 7, The numerical value of gulal in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8.

[2][8] Archival researchers have found "no plan of destruction" of the gulag population and no statement of official intent to kill them, and prisoner releases vastly exceeded the number of deaths in the Gulag. "Lives in the Balance: Weak and Disabled Prisoners and the Biopolitics of the Gulag. 1946.[26]. The most popular dictionary and thesaurus. [118]:437–59, Statistical reports made by the OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD between the 1930s and 1950s are kept in the State Archive of the Russian Federation formerly called Central State Archive of the October Revolution (CSAOR). In 1995, Zemskov wrote that foreign scientists have begun to be admitted to the restricted-access collection of these documents in the State Archive of the Russian Federation since 1992. The "special settlers", as the Soviet government referred to them, all lived on starvation level rations, and many people starved to death in the camps, and anyone who was healthy enough to escape tried to do just that. Brightly coloured powder of a type thrown into the air and on to others in celebration of the Hindu festival of Holi. [62], Although these massive relocation processes were successful in getting a large potential free forced labor work force where they needed to be, that is about all it was successful at doing. [27] A further 6–7 million were deported and exiled to remote areas of the USSR, and 4–5 million passed through labor colonies, plus 3.5 million who were already in, or who had been sent to, labor settlements. This is one of the unique and popular names with impressive meaning. The purpose of these new camps was to colonise the remote and inhospitable environments throughout the Soviet Union. In the new natural processes to make Herbal Gulal, no salts of any heavy metal have been used and the combination of ingredients provides a powder having soft and supple touch with good sticking capacities to skin. Remote monasteries in particular were frequently reused as sites for new camps. [87][88], After Nazi Germany's defeat, ten NKVD-run "special camps" subordinate to the Gulag were set up in the Soviet Occupation Zone of post-war Germany. originated name with multiple meanings.