The pope's response was the strongest affirmation to date of papal sovereignty. Still, these enterprises on several occasions planted Angevin domination in the south of the Italian peninsula, and their most decisive result was the assuring of Provence to the dukes of Anjou and afterwards to the kings of France. Clement VII and his successors are not regarded as legitimate, and are referred to as antipopes by the Catholic Church. The proceedings against the Knights Templar in the Council of Vienne are representative of this time, reflecting the various powers and their relationships. The success of the early Crusades added greatly to the prestige of the Popes as secular leaders of Christendom, with monarchs like those of England, France, and even the Holy Roman Emperor merely acting as marshals for the popes and leading "their" armies.

An antipope (Latin: antipapa) is a person who, ... Pierre Tifane, was recognized as pope in Avignon from 1437 to 1470. Pope Urban alienated the French cardinals, who held a second conclave electing one of their own, Robert of Geneva, who took the name Clement VII, to succeed Gregory XI, thus beginning a second line of Avignon popes. In a bold assertion of papal sovereignty, Boniface declared that "God has placed us over the Kings and Kingdoms.". In this situation of dependency on powerful neighbours in France, three principles characterized the politics of Clement V: the suppression of heretic movements (such as the Cathars in southern France); the reorganization of the internal administration of the church; and the preservation of an untainted image of the church as the sole instrument of God's will on earth.

A conclave met and elected an Italian pope, Urban VI.

Among the popes who resided in Avignon, subsequent Catholic historiography grants legitimacy to these: Benedict XIII was succeeded by three antipopes, who had little or no public following, and were not resident at Avignon: The period from 1378 to 1417, when there were rival claimants to the title of pope, is referred to as the "Western Schism" or "the great controversy of the antipopes" by some Catholic scholars and "the second great schism" by many secular and Protestant historians. He reigned in Avignon, Provence, in opposition to the reigning popes in Rome, during the Western Schism (1378–1417), when the Roman Catholic Church was split by national rivalries claiming the papal throne. [7] Synagogues were closed, Jewish goldsmiths were forbidden to produce Christian sacred objects such as chalices and crucifixes[8] and Jewish book binders were forbidden to bind books which included the names of Jesus or Mary. In his decision about returning to Rome, the Pope was also under the influence of Catherine of Siena, later canonized, who preached for a return to Rome. These tempting offers gave rise to a series of expeditions into Italy carried out almost exclusively at Clement’s expense, in the first of which Louis went to war with some 40,000 troops. Avignon se soumit aussitôt à lui, et ses cardinaux le reconnurent également.

With Pope Urban V (1362–1370), the control by Charles V of France of the papacy became more direct. The papacy in the Late Middle Ages played a major temporal role in addition to its spiritual role. His interest in pacifying southern France was also motivation for mediating between the King of France and the King of England, before the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War. This state of affairs culminated in the unbridled declaration of papal supremacy, Unam sanctam, in November 1302. Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor (25 novembre 1328-23 mai 1423), connu sous le nom de el Papa Luna en espagnol et le pape Luna en anglais , était un noble aragonais , qui, en tant que Benoît XIII , est considéré comme un antipape (voir Schisme occidental ) par l' Église catholique . After the conciliatory papacy of Benedict XI (1303–04), Pope Clement V (1305–1314) became the next pontiff. Before this was finalized, Italian allies of the King of France broke into the papal residence and beat Pope Boniface VIII. He absolved King Phillip IV and his subjects of their actions against Pope Boniface VIII; though the culprits who assaulted Boniface were excommunicated and ordered to appear before a pontifical tribunal. In 1392, he inherited the title of Count of Geneva, his four older brothers having each in turn inherited dying without issue before him. Ce concile était censé organiser la démission de Grégoire et Benoît, afin qu'un nouveau pape universellement reconnu puisse être élu. Also during his reign, in 1348, the Avignon papacy bought the city of Avignon from the Angevins.

John (XXIII), schismatic antipope from 1410 to 1415. The Templars who appeared in Vienne to defend their order were not allowed to present their case—the cardinals of the collegium originally ruled that they should be allowed to raise a defense, but the arrival of the King of France in Vienne put pressure on the collegium, and that decision was revoked. Frederick II ignored this and was moderately successful in the Holy Land.

He decided against moving to Rome and established his court in Avignon. This clearly showed the partisanship of the papacy; correspondingly, the respect for the church dropped. Scotland supported Clement because England supported Urban. Finally, Emperor Sigismund organised a European summit in Perpignan, to convince Benedict to resign his office and end the Western Schism. Clement VI had been Archbishop of Rouen and adviser to Philippe IV before, so his links to the French court were much stronger than those of his predecessors.

However, he was not a strategist and made substantial concessions to the French crown especially in finances, a crucial issue during the war with England.

With Pope Urban V (1362–1370), the control by Charles V of France of the papacy became more direct. The success of the early Crusades added greatly to the prestige of the Popes as secular leaders of Christendom, with monarchs like those of England, France, and even the Holy Roman Emperor merely acting as marshals for the popes and leading "their" armies. Pour s'y opposer, Benoît XVI convoqua le Conseil de Perpignan mais sans grand succès. However, Benedict XI died within eight months of being elected to the papacy. Furthermore, the display of wealth by the upper ranks of the church, which contrasted with the common expectation of poverty and strict adherence to principles, was used by enemies of the papacy to raise charges against the popes; King Philip of France employed this strategy, as did Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor. He was born in Gascony, in southern France, but was not directly connected to the French court.

See: "Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1300–1541" (1962) 3, pages 7–9, Photo – detail confirming Clement's inclusion, Turner, William. After eleven months, Bertrand de Got, a Frenchman and a personal friend of King Phillip IV, was elected as pope and took the name Pope Clement V. Beginning with Clement V, elected 1305, all popes during the Avignon papacy were French. However, this makes French influence seem greater than it was. The Avignon Papacy, also known as the Babylonian Captivity, was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in France) rather than in Rome. [11] He had created excellent cardinals, but he seems never to have sincerely desired the termination of the schism.[15]. To oppose this, Benedict convoked the Council of Perpignan but with little success.

[11] Moreover, his ambitions and the financial needs of his court had resorted to simony, the loss of land and extortion which discerned among his adherents the germs of disaffection. The schism ended in 1417 at the Council of Constance, after two popes had reigned in opposition to the papacy in Rome.[6]. A list displayed in the church confirms.

(ed. Het verhaal heeft twee tijdlijnen: de tijd van Benedictus XIII, de laatste antipope van de Avignon pausdom, en hedendaagse tijden, toen de katholieke kerk probeert Benedict's opvolger te ontdekken, want het blijkt dat zijn lijn van pausschap door de eeuwen heen heeft voortgezet in het geheim . Benedict's rationale for continuing the rivalry lay in the fact that he was the last living cardinal created by Gregory XI, the last undoubted pope. For the Catholic Church, an institution embedded in the secular structure and its focus on property, this was a dangerous development, and beginning in the early 14th century most of these movements were declared heretical.

The History of the Council of Constance, page 403, Stephen Whatley, Jacques Lenfant, published by A. Bettesworth, 1730. He was keen on establishing peace between France and England, having worked to this end in papal delegations in 1345 and 1348. One exception was Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was twice excommunicated by the Pope during a Crusade. Following such events opposition against the papacy strengthened.

He still considered himself the true Pope. Owing to his powerful relations, his influence in the Province of Aragon was very great. Heirs to the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Enfin, l' empereur Sigismond a organisé un sommet européen à Perpignan, pour convaincre Benoît XVI de démissionner de ses fonctions et de mettre fin au schisme occidental. He sought shelter in the territory of Louis II of Anjou. Il se considérait toujours comme le vrai Pape. Sa demande a été réservée auparavant dans le Royaume d'Aragon, où il bénéficie d'une protection par le roi Alphonse V .

Robert prit le nom de Clément VII et retourna à Avignon.

Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Garnier prit le nom de Benoît XIV , mais il n'obtiendra jamais aucune importance. [9][10] Although the Pope was French born and still under strong influence by the French King, the increasing conflict between factions friendly and hostile to the Pope posed a threat to the papal lands and to the allegiance of Rome itself. During its time in Avignon, the papacy adopted many features of the Royal court: the life-style of its cardinals was more reminiscent of princes than clerics; more and more French cardinals, often relatives of the ruling pope, took key positions; and the proximity of French troops was a constant reminder of where secular power lay, with the memory of Pope Boniface VIII still fresh.

[11] The nickname is polemical, in referring to the claim by critics that the prosperity of the church at that time was accompanied by a profound compromise of the papacy's spiritual integrity, especially in the alleged subordination of the powers of the Church to the ambitions of the French kings.

Après la mort du pape romain Innocent VII en 1406, le pape romain nouvellement élu, Grégoire XII , a entamé des négociations avec Benoît XVI, suggérant qu'ils démissionnent tous les deux afin qu'un nouveau pape puisse être élu pour réunir l'Église catholique. He was keen on establishing peace between France and England, having worked to this end in papal delegations in 1345 and 1348. His body was later moved to Illueca; but during the War of the Spanish Succession his remains were destroyed. Benedict still refused to resign, clashing with the Emperor, who left Perpignan on 5 November.

This was directed primarily to King Phillip IV of France who responded by saying, "Your venerable conceitedness may know that we are nobody's vassal in temporal matters." Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... A Study of History: Who, What, Where, and When? The Avignon Papacy, also known as the Babylonian Captivity, was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in France) rather than in Rome. The papal legate, Robert of Geneva, a relative of the House of Savoy, pursued a particularly ruthless policy against the league to re-establish control over these cities.